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This paper describes the atmospheric modeling that underlies the Carbon inArctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE) science analysis,including its meteorological and atmospheric transport components (polarvariant of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Stochastic TimeInverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) models), and provides WRF validationfor May–October 2012 and March–November 2013 – the first 2 years of theaircraft field campaign. A triply nested computational domain for WRF waschosen so that the innermost domain with 3.3 km grid spacing encompasses theentire mainland of Alaska and enables the substantial orography of the stateto be represented by the underlying high-resolution topographic input field.Summary statistics of the WRF model performance on the 3.3 km grid indicategood overall agreement with quality-controlled surface and radiosondeobservations. Two-meter temperatures are generally too cold by approximately1.4 K in 2012 and 1.1 K in 2013, while 2 m dewpoint temperatures are toolow (dry) by 0.2 K in 2012 and too high (moist) by 0.6 K in 2013. Windspeeds are biased too low by 0.2 m s−1 in 2012 and 0.3 m s−1 in2013. Model representation of upper level variables is very good. Thesemeasures are comparable to model performance metrics of similar modelconfigurations found in the literature. The high quality of thesefine-resolution WRF meteorological fields inspires confidence in their use todrive STILT for the purpose of computing surface influences ("footprints")at commensurably increased resolution. Indeed, footprints generated on a0.1° grid show increased spatial detail compared with those on themore common 0.5° grid, better allowing for convolution with fluxmodels for carbon dioxide and methane across the heterogeneous Alaskanlandscape. Ozone deposition rates computed using STILT footprints indicategood agreement with observations and exhibit realistic seasonal variability,further indicating that WRF-STILT footprints are of high quality and willsupport accurate estimates of CO2 and CH4 surface–atmospherefluxes using CARVE observations

Atmospheric transport simulations in support of the Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE)