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The present study investigates the radiative effects of dust aerosols in theMediterranean region during summer 2012 using a coupled regionalaerosol–atmosphere–ocean model (CNRM-RCSM5). A prognostic aerosol scheme,including desert dust, sea salt, organic, black-carbon and sulphateparticles, has been integrated to CNRM-RCSM5 in addition to the atmosphere,land surface and ocean components. An evaluation of this aerosol scheme ofCNRM-RCSM5, and especially of the dust aerosols, has been performed againstin situ and satellite measurements, showing its ability to reproduce thespatial and temporal variability of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over theMediterranean region in summer 2012. The dust vertical and size distributionshave also been evaluated against observations from the TRAQA/ChArMExcampaign. Three simulations have been carried out for summer 2012 withCNRM-RCSM5, including  the full prognostic aerosol scheme, onlymonthly-averaged AOD means from the aerosol scheme or no aerosols at all, inorder to focus on the radiative effects of dust particles and the role of theprognostic scheme. Surface short-wave aerosol radiative forcing variability isfound to be more than twice as high over regions affected by dust aerosols,when using a prognostic aerosol scheme instead of monthly AOD means. In thiscase downward surface solar radiation is also found to be better reproducedaccording to a comparison with several stations across the Mediterranean. Acomposite study over 14 stations across the Mediterranean, designed toidentify days with high dust AOD, also reveals the improvement of therepresentation of surface temperature brought by the use of the prognosticaerosol scheme. Indeed the surface receives less radiation during dusty days,but only the simulation using the prognostic aerosol scheme is found toreproduce the observed intensity of the dimming and warming on dusty days.Moreover, the radiation and temperature averages over summer 2012 are alsomodified by the use of prognostic aerosols, mainly because of the differencesbrought in short-wave aerosol radiative forcing variability. Therefore thisfirst comparison over summer 2012 highlights the importance of the choice ofthe representation of aerosols in climate models

Dust aerosol radiative effects during summer 2012 simulated with a coupled regional aerosol–atmosphere–ocean model over the Mediterranean