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East Asia has experienced rapid development with increasing carbon monoxide (CO) emission inthe past decades. Therefore, uplifting CO from the boundary layer to the freetroposphere in East Asia can have great implications on regional air qualityaround the world. It can also influence global climate due to the longerlifetime of CO at higher altitudes. In this study, three cases of high COepisodes in the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan from 2003 to 2005 areexamined with spaceborne Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere(MOPITT) data, in combination with aircraft measurements from the Measurementof Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-Service Aircraft (MOZAIC) program. HighCO abundances of 300–550 ppbv are observed in MOZAIC data in the freetroposphere during these episodes. These are among the highest CO abundancesdocumented at these altitudes. On average, such episodes with CO over400 ppbv (in the 2003 and 2004 cases) and between 200 and 300 ppbv (in the2005 case) may occur 2–5 and 10–20% in time, respectively, in therespective altitudes over the region. Correspondingly, elevated CO is shownin MOPITT daytime data in the middle to upper troposphere in the 2003 case, in the lower to middle troposphere in the 2004 case, and in the uppertroposphere in the 2005 case. Through analyses of the simulations from achemical transport model GEOS-Chem and a trajectory dispersion modelFLEXPART, we found different CO signatures in the elevated CO and distincttransport pathways and mechanisms for these cases. In the 2003 case,emissions from large forest fires near Lake Baikal dominated the elevated CO,which had been rapidly transported upward by a frontal system from the fireplumes. In the 2004 case, anthropogenic CO from the North China Plainexperienced frontal lifting and mostly reached ~ 700 hPa near the EastChina Sea, while CO from biomass burning over Indochina experiencedorographic lifting, lee-side-trough-induced convection, and frontal liftingthrough two separate transport pathways, leading to two distinct COenhancements around 700 and 300 hPa. In the 2005 case, the observed CO of~ 300 ppbv around 300 hPa originated from anthropogenic sources overthe Sichuan Basin and the North China Plain and from forest fires overIndochina. The high CO was transported to such altitudes through strongfrontal lifting, interacting with convection and orographic lifting. Thesecases show that topography affects vertical transport of CO in East Asia viadifferent ways, including orographic uplifting over the Hengduan Mountains,assisting frontal lifting in the North China Plain, and facilitatingconvection in the Sichuan Basin. In particular, topography-induced lee-sidetroughs over Indochina led to strong convection that assisted CO uplifting tothe upper troposphere. This study shows that the new daytime MOPITTnear-infrared (NIR) and thermal-infrared (TIR) data (version 5 or above) haveenhanced vertical sensitivity in the free troposphere and may helpqualitative diagnosis of vertical transport processes in East Asia

Uplifting of carbon monoxide from biomass burning and anthropogenic sources to the free troposphere in East Asia