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Rainfall is one of the most important aspects of climate, but the extent towhich atmospheric ice nuclei (IN) influence its formation, quantity,frequency, and location is not clear. Microorganisms and other biologicalparticles are released following rainfall and have been shown to serve asefficient IN, in turn impacting cloud and precipitation formation. Here weinvestigated potential long-term effects of IN on rainfall frequency andquantity. Differences in IN concentrations and rainfall after and beforedays of large rainfall accumulation (i.e., key days) were calculated formeasurements made over the past century in southeastern and southwesternAustralia. Cumulative differences in IN concentrations and daily rainfallquantity and frequency as a function of days from a key day demonstratedstatistically significant increasing logarithmic trends (R2 > 0.97). Based on observations that cumulative effects ofrainfall persisted for about 20 days, we calculated cumulative differencesfor the entire sequence of key days at each site to create a historicalrecord of how the differences changed with time. Comparison of pre-1960 andpost-1960 sequences most commonly showed smaller rainfall totals in thepost-1960 sequences, particularly in regions downwind from coal-fired powerstations. This led us to explore the hypothesis that the increased leafsurface populations of IN-active bacteria due to rain led to a sustained butslowly diminishing increase in atmospheric concentrations of IN that couldpotentially initiate or augment rainfall. This hypothesis is supported byprevious research showing that leaf surface populations of theice-nucleating bacterium Pseudomonas syringae increased by orders of magnitude after heavy rainand that microorganisms become airborne during and after rain in a forestecosystem. At the sites studied in this work, aerosols that could haveinitiated rain from sources unrelated to previous rainfall events (such aspower stations) would automatically have reduced the influences on rainfallof those whose concentrations were related to previous rain, thereby leadingto inhibition of feedback. The analytical methods described here providemeans to map and delimit regions where rainfall feedback mediated bymicroorganisms is suspected to occur or has occurred historically, therebyproviding rational means to establish experimental set-ups for verification

Persistent after-effects of heavy rain on concentrations of ice nuclei and rainfall suggest a biological cause