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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to obtainmorphology, size, composition, and mixing state of background aerosols withdiameter less than 1 μm in the northern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP)during 15 September to 15 October 2013. Individual aerosol particles mainlycontained secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA – sulfate and nitrate) andorganics during clean periods (PM2.5 mass concentration less than 2.5 μg m−3). The presence of K–Na–Cl associated with organics and anincrease in soot particles suggest that an intense biomass burning eventcaused the highest PM2.5 concentrations (> 30 μg m−3) during the study. A large number fraction of thefly-ash-containing particles (21.73 %) suggests that coal combustion emissionsin the QTP significantly contributed to air pollutants at the mediumpollution level (PM2.5: 10–30 μg m−3). We concludedthat emissions from biomass burning and from coal combustion both constantlycontribute to anthropogenic particles in the QTP atmosphere. Based on sizedistributions of individual particles at different pollution levels, wefound that gas condensation on existing particles is an important chemicalprocess for the formation of SIA with organic coating. TEM observations showthat refractory aerosols (e.g., soot, fly ash, and visible organicparticles) likely adhere to the surface of SIA particles larger than 200 nmdue to coagulation. Organic coating and soot on surface of the agedparticles likely influence their hygroscopic and optical properties, respectively, in theQTP. To our knowledge, this study reports the firstmicroscopic analysis of fine particles in the background QTP air

Mixing state and sources of submicron regional background aerosols in the northern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and the influence of biomass burning