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Information on what aerosol particle types are the major sources of icenucleating particles (INPs) in the atmosphere is needed for climatepredictions. To determine which aerosol particles are the major sources ofimmersion-mode INPs at a coastal site in Western Canada, we investigatedcorrelations between INP number concentrations and both concentrations ofdifferent atmospheric particles and meteorological conditions. We show thatINP number concentrations are strongly correlated with the numberconcentrations of fluorescent bioparticles between −15 and −25 °C, and that the size distribution of INPs is most consistent with the sizedistribution of fluorescent bioparticles. We conclude that biologicalparticles were likely the major source of ice nuclei at freezingtemperatures between −15 and −25 °C at this site for the timeperiod studied. At −30 °C, INP number concentrations are alsowell correlated with number concentrations of the total aerosol particles≥ 0.5 μm, suggesting that non-biological particles may have animportant contribution to the population of INPs active at this temperature.As we found that black carbon particles were unlikely to be a major sourceof ice nuclei during this study, these non-biological INPs may includemineral dust. Furthermore, correlations involving chemical tracers of marineaerosols and marine biological activity, sodium and methanesulfonic acid,indicate that the majority of INPs measured at the coastal site likelyoriginated from terrestrial rather than marine sources. Finally, sixexisting empirical parameterizations of ice nucleation were tested todetermine if they accurately predict the measured INP number concentrations.We found that none of the parameterizations selected are capable ofpredicting INP number concentrations with high accuracy over the entiretemperature range investigated. This finding illustrates that additionalmeasurements are needed to improve parameterizations of INPs and theirsubsequent climatic impacts

Ice nucleating particles at a coastal marine boundary layer site: correlations with aerosol type and meteorological conditions