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Since the mid-20th century, nitrogen (N) deposition has shown an increasingtrend in the Tibetan Plateau (TP), where alpine ecosystems are sensitive toelevated N deposition. However, the quantitative characterization of Ndeposition in the TP remains unclear, due in most part to the lack of in situmeasurement. Using the Tibetan Observation and Research Platform network, weconducted short-term in situ measurements of major ions (NO3−, Cl−,SO42−, NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, andMg2+) wet deposition at five remote sites in the TP during 2011–2013.At Southeast Tibet Station, Nam Co Station, Qomolangma Station, NgariStation, and Muztagh Ata Station, the NH4+–N wet deposition was0.63, 0.68, 0.92, 0.36, and 1.25 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively; theNO3−–N wet deposition was 0.28, 0.24, 0.03, 0.08, and 0.30 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively; and the inorganic N wet deposition was0.91, 0.92, 0.94, 0.44, and 1.55 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Theinorganic N wet deposition mainly occurred in the form of NH4+–Nduring summer at all sites. Results of enrichment factor analysis andprincipal component analysis demonstrated that both NH4+–N andNO3−–N wet deposition in the TP were mainly influenced byanthropogenic activities. Backward trajectory analysis showed that theinorganic N deposition at Muztagh Ata Station was mainly transported fromcentral Asia and the Middle East through westerlies. At Southeast Tibet Station,Nam Co Station, Qomolangma Station, and Ngari Station, the inorganic Ndeposition was mainly contributed by anthropogenic sources in south Asia,and was mainly transported by the Indian monsoon. Combining site-scale in situmeasurements of inorganic N wet deposition in this and previous studies, theaverage wet deposition of atmospheric NH4+–N, NO3−–N,and inorganic N in the TP was estimated to be 1.06, 0.51, and 1.58 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. The averageNH4+–N : NO3−–N ratio in precipitation in the TP wasapproximately 2 : 1. Results from the present study suggest that earlierestimations based on chemical transport model simulations and/or limitedfield measurements likely overestimated substantially the regional inorganicN wet deposition in the TP. To clarify the total N deposition in the TP moreclearly, it is essential to conduct long-term monitoring of both wet and drydeposition of atmospheric N in various climate zones in the TP in thefuture

Wet deposition of atmospheric inorganic nitrogen at five remote sites in the Tibetan Plateau