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The concentration and chemical composition of non-refractory fineparticulate matter (NR-PM1) and black carbon (BC) levels were measuredduring the summer of 2012 in the suburbs of two Greek cities, Patras andAthens, in an effort to better understand the chemical processing ofparticles in the high photochemical activity environment of the easternMediterranean. The composition of PM1 was surprisingly similar in bothareas, demonstrating the importance of regional sources for the correspondingpollution levels. The PM1 average mass concentration was 9–14 μg m−3. The contribution of sulfate was around 38 %, while organicaerosol (OA) contributed approximately 45 % in both cases. PM1nitrate levels were low (2 %). The oxygen to carbon (O : C) atomic ratio was0.50 ± 0.08 in Patras and 0.47 ± 0.11 in Athens. In both casesPM1 was acidic. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the high-resolutionorganic aerosol mass spectra obtained by an Aerodyne High-ResolutionTime-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). For Patras, five OAsources could be identified: 19 % very oxygenated OA (V-OOA), 38 %moderately oxygenated OA (M-OOA), 21 % biogenic oxygenated OA (b-OOA),7 % hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA-1) associated with traffic sources and 15 %hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA-2) related to other primary emissions (includingcooking OA). For Athens, the corresponding source contributions were: V-OOA(35 %), M-OOA (30 %), HOA-1 (18 %) and HOA-2 (17 %). In both citiesthe major component was OOA, suggesting that under high photochemicalconditions most of the OA in the eastern Mediterranean is quite aged. Thecontribution of the primary sources (HOA-1 and HOA-2) was important (22 %in Patras and 35 % in Athens) but not dominant

Sources and chemical characterization of organic aerosol during the summer in the eastern Mediterranean