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This paper investigates the formation and evolution of deep convection insidethe east–west oriented rainbands associated with a low-level jet (LLJ) inTyphoon Morakot (2009). With the typhoon center to the northwest of Taiwan, thewesterly LLJ occurred as a result from the interaction of typhoon circulation withthe southwest monsoon flow, which supplied the water vapor for the extremerainfall (of ~ 1000 mm) over southwestern Taiwan. The Cloud-ResolvingStorm Simulator with 1 km grid spacing was used to simulate the event, and itsuccessfully reproduced the slow-moving rainbands, the embedded cells, andthe dynamics of merger and back-building (BB) on 8 August as observed. Ourmodel results suggest that the intense convection interacted strongly withthe westerly LLJ that provided reversed vertical wind shear below and abovethe jet core. Inside mature cells, significant dynamical pressureperturbations (p'd) are induced with positive (negative)p'd at the western (eastern) flank of the updraft near the surfaceand a reversed pattern aloft (> 2 km). This configuration produced anupward-directed pressure gradient force (PGF) to the rear side and favors newdevelopment to the west, which further leads to cell merging as the maturecells slowdown in eastward propagation. The strong updrafts also acted toelevate the jet and enhance the local vertical wind shear at the rear flank.Additional analysis reveals that the upward PGF there is resulted mainly bythe shearing effect but also by the extension of upward acceleration at lowlevels. In the horizontal, the upstream-directed PGF induced by the rear-sidepositive p'd near the surface is much smaller, but can provideadditional convergence for BB development upstream. Finally, the cold-poolmechanism for BB appears to be not important in the Morakot case, as theconditions for strong evaporation in downdrafts do not exist

atmospheric chemistry and physics

A numerical study of convection in rainbands of Typhoon Morakot (2009) with extreme rainfall: roles of pressure perturbations with low-level wind maxima