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A high concentration of volatile nucleation mode particles (NUP) formed inthe atmosphere when the exhaust cools and dilutes has hazardous healtheffects and it impairs the visibility in urban areas. Nucleation mechanismsin diesel exhaust are only poorly understood. We performed model studiesusing two sectional aerosol dynamics process models AEROFOR and MAFOR on theformation of particles in the exhaust of a diesel engine, equipped with anoxidative after-treatment system and running with low fuel sulfur content(FSC) fuel, under laboratory sampling conditions where the dilution systemmimics real-world conditions. Different nucleation mechanisms were tested.Based on the measured gaseous sulfuric acid (GSA) and non-volatile core andsoot particle number concentrations of the raw exhaust, the model simulationsshowed that the best agreement between model predictions and measurements interms of particle number size distribution was obtained by barrier-freeheteromolecular homogeneous nucleation between the GSA and a semi-volatileorganic vapour combined with the homogeneous nucleation of GSA alone. Majorgrowth of the particles was predicted to occur due to the similar organic vapour atconcentrations of (1−2) × 1012 cm−3. The pre-existing coreand soot mode concentrations had an opposite trend on the NUP formation, andthe maximum NUP formation was predicted if a diesel particle filter (DPF) wasused. On the other hand, the model predicted that the NUP formation ceased ifthe GSA concentration in the raw exhaust was less than 1010 cm−3,which was the case when biofuel was used

Model studies of volatile diesel exhaust particle formation: are organic vapours involved in nucleation and growth?