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In this study the sensitivity of the model performance of the chemistrytransport model (CTM) LOTOS-EUROS to the description of the temporalvariability of emissions was investigated. Currently the temporal release ofanthropogenic emissions is described by European average diurnal, weekly andseasonal time profiles per sector. These default time profiles largelyneglect the variation of emission strength with activity patterns, region,species, emission process and meteorology. The three sources dealt with inthis study are combustion in energy and transformation industries (SNAP1),nonindustrial combustion (SNAP2) and road transport (SNAP7). First of all, theimpact of neglecting the temporal emission profiles for these SNAPcategories on simulated concentrations was explored. In a second step, weconstructed more detailed emission time profiles for the three categoriesand quantified their impact on the model performance both separately as well ascombined. The performance in comparison to observations for Germany wasquantified for the pollutants NO2, SO2 and PM10 and compared to asimulation using the default LOTOS-EUROS emission time profiles. TheLOTOS-EUROS simulations were performed for the year 2006 with a temporalresolution of 1 h and a horizontal resolution of approximately25 × 25km2. In general the largest impact on the model performance was found whenneglecting the default time profiles for the three categories. The dailyaverage correlation coefficient for instance decreased by 0.04 (NO2),0.11 (SO2) and 0.01 (PM10) at German urban background stations comparedto the default simulation. A systematic increase in the correlationcoefficient is found when using the new time profiles. The size of theincrease depends on the source category, component and station. Usingnational profiles for road transport showed important improvements in theexplained variability over the weekdays as well as the diurnal cycle forNO2. The largest impact of the SNAP1 and 2 profiles were found forSO2. When using all new time profiles simultaneously in one simulation,the daily average correlation coefficient increased by 0.05 (NO2), 0.07(SO2) and 0.03 (PM10) at urban background stations in Germany. Thisexercise showed that to improve the performance of a CTM, a betterrepresentation of the distribution of anthropogenic emission in time isrecommendable. This can be done by developing a dynamical emission modelthat takes into account regional specific factors and meteorology

Sensitivity of air pollution simulations with LOTOS-EUROS to the temporal distribution of anthropogenic emissions