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Mineral dust aerosols often observed over California in winter and spring,associated with long-range transport from Asia and the Sahara, have beenlinked to enhanced precipitation based on observations. Local anthropogenicpollution, on the other hand, was shown in previous observational andmodeling studies to reduce precipitation. Here we incorporate recentdevelopments in ice nucleation parameterizations to link aerosols with icecrystal formation in a spectral-bin cloud microphysical model coupled withthe Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in order to examine therelative and combined impacts of dust and local pollution particles on cloudproperties and precipitation type and intensity. Simulations are carried outfor two cloud cases (from the CalWater 2011 field campaign) with contrastingmeteorology and cloud dynamics that occurred on 16 February (FEB16) and 2March (MAR02). In both cases, observations show the presence of dust andbiological particles in a relative pristine environment. The simulated cloudmicrophysical properties and precipitation show reasonable agreement withaircraft and surface measurements. Model sensitivity experiments indicatethat in the pristine environment, the dust and biological aerosol layersincrease the accumulated precipitation by 10–20% from the Central Valleyto the Sierra Nevada for both FEB16 and MAR02 due to a ~40% increasein snow formation, validating the observational hypothesis. Model resultsshow that local pollution increases precipitation over the windward slope ofthe mountains by a few percent due to increased snow formation when dust ispresent, but reduces precipitation by 5–8% if dust is removed on FEB16.The effects of local pollution on cloud microphysics and precipitationstrongly depend on meteorology, including cloud dynamics and the strength ofthe Sierra Barrier Jet. This study further underscores the importance of theinteractions between local pollution, dust, and environmental conditions forassessing aerosol effects on cold-season precipitation in California

Aerosol impacts on California winter clouds and precipitation during CalWater 2011: local pollution versus long-range transported dust