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Receptor modeling was performed on quadrupole unit mass resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (Q-AMS) sub-micronparticulate matter (PM) chemical speciation measurements from Windsor,Ontario, an industrial city situated across the Detroit River from Detroit,Michigan. Aerosol and trace gas measurements were collected on boardEnvironment Canada's Canadian Regional and Urban Investigation System forEnvironmental Research (CRUISER) mobile laboratory. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was performedon the AMS full particle-phase mass spectrum (PMFFull MS)encompassing both organic and inorganic components. This approach compared to the more common method of analyzing only the organic mass spectra (PMFOrg MS). PMF of thefull mass spectrum revealed that variability in the non-refractory sub-micronaerosol concentration and composition was best explained by six factors: anamine-containing factor (Amine); an ammonium sulfate- and oxygenated organicaerosol-containing factor (Sulfate-OA); an ammonium nitrate- and oxygenatedorganic aerosol-containing factor (Nitrate-OA); an ammoniumchloride-containing factor (Chloride); a hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol(HOA) factor; and a moderately oxygenated organic aerosol factor (OOA). PMFof the organic mass spectrum revealed three factors of similar composition tosome of those revealed through PMFFull MS: Amine, HOA and OOA. Including both the inorganic and organic mass proved to be a beneficialapproach to analyzing the unit mass resolution AMS data for several reasons.First, it provided a method for potentially calculating more accuratesub-micron PM mass concentrations, particularly when unusual factors arepresent, in this case the Amine factor. As this method does not rely on apriori knowledge of chemical species, it circumvents the need for anyadjustments to the traditional AMS species fragmentation patterns to accountfor atypical species, and can thus lead to more complete factor profiles. Itis expected that this method would be even more useful for HR–ToF–AMS data,due to the ability to understand better thechemical nature of atypical factors from high-resolution mass spectra.Second, utilizing PMF to extract factors containing inorganic species allowedfor the determination of the extent of neutralization, which could haveimplications for aerosol parameterization. Third, subtler differences inorganic aerosol components were resolved through the incorporation ofinorganic mass into the PMF matrix. The additional temporal features providedby the inorganic aerosol components allowed for the resolution of more typesof oxygenated organic aerosol than could be reliably resolved from PMF oforganics alone. Comparison of findings from the PMFFull MS andPMFOrg MS methods showed that for the Windsor airshed, thePMFFull MS method enabled additional conclusions to be drawn interms of aerosol sources and chemical processes. While performingPMFOrg MS can provide important distinctions between types oforganic aerosol, it is shown that including inorganic species in the PMFanalysis can permit further apportionment of organics for unit massresolution AMS mass spectra

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Enhancing non-refractory aerosol apportionment from an urban industrial site through receptor modeling of complete high time-resolution aerosol mass spectra