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A fitting method using a semi-empirical Gaussian dispersion model solutionwas successfully applied to obtain both dispersion coefficients and aparticle number emission factor (PNEF) directly from ultrafine particle (UFP;particles smaller than <0.1 μm in diameter) concentrationprofiles observed downwind of major roadways in California's South Coast AirBasin (SoCAB). The effective Briggs' formulation for the vertical dispersionparameter σz was adopted in this study due to its betterperformance in describing the observed profiles compared to otherformulations examined. The two dispersion coefficients in Briggs'formulation, α and β, ranged from 0.02 to 0.07 and from−0.5 × 10−3 to 2.8 × 10−3, respectively, forthe four freeway transects studied and are significantly different forfreeways passing over vs. under the street on which measurements of thefreeway plume were made. These ranges are wider than literature values forα and β under stable conditions. The dispersion coefficientsderived from observations showed strong correlations with both surfacemeteorology (wind speed/direction, temperature, and air stability) anddifferences in concentrations between the background and plume peak. Therelationships were applied to predict freeway plume transport using amultivariate regression, and produced excellent agreement with observed UFPconcentration profiles. The mean PNEF for a mixed vehicle fleet on the fourfreeways was estimated as7.5 × 1013 particles km−1 vehicle−1, which isabout 15% of the value estimated in 2001 for the I-405 freeway, implyingsignificant reductions in UFP emissions over the past decade in the SoCAB

Factors controlling pollutant plume length downwind of major roadways in nocturnal surface inversions