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Interactions between aerosols and liquid water clouds were studied duringautumns 2010–2011 at a semiurban measurement station on Puijo tower inKuopio, Finland. Cloud interstitial and total aerosol size distributions,particle chemical composition and hygroscopicity and cloud droplet sizedistribution were measured, with a focus on comparing clean air masses withthose affected by local sources. On average, the polluted air contained moreparticles than the clean air masses, and generally the concentrationsdecreased during cloud events. Cloud processing was found to take place,especially in the clean air masses, and to a lesser extent in the pollutedair. Some, mostly minor, differences in the average particle chemicalcomposition between the air masses were observed. The average size andnumber concentration of activating particles were quite similar for both airmasses, producing average droplet populations with only minor distinctions.As a case study, a long cloud event was analyzed in detail, with a specialfocus on the emissions from local sources, including a paper mill and aheating plant. This revealed larger variations in particle and cloudproperties than the analysis of the whole data set. Clear differences in thetotal (between 214 and 2200 cm−3) and accumulation mode particleconcentrations (between 62 and 169 cm−3) were observed. Particlechemical composition, especially the concentrations of organics (between0.42 and 1.28 μg m−3) and sulfate (between 0.16 and 4.43 μg m−3), varied considerably. This affected the hygroscopicgrowth factor: for example, for 100 nm particles the range was from 1.21 to 1.45 at90% relative humidity. Particularly, large particles, highhygroscopicities and elevated amounts of inorganics were linked with thepollutant plumes. Moreover, the particle hygroscopicity distributions in thepolluted air were clearly bimodal, indicating externally mixed aerosol. Thevariable conditions also had an impact on cloud droplet formation, with thedroplet concentration varying between 138 and 240 cm−3 and meandiameter between 9.2 and 12.4 μm

The effect of local sources on particle size and chemical composition and their role in aerosol–cloud interactions at Puijo measurement station