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This study examines the interaction of clay mineral particles and water vaporfor determining the conditions required for cloud droplet formation. Dropletformation conditions are investigated for two common clay minerals, illiteand sodium-rich montmorillonite, and an industrially derived sample, ArizonaTest Dust. Using wet and dry particle generation coupled to a differentialmobility analyzer (DMA) and cloud condensation nuclei counter, the criticalactivation of the clay mineral particles as cloud condensation nuclei ischaracterized. Electron microscopy (EM) is used in order to determine non-sphericityin particle shape. It is also used in order to determine particle surface area andaccount for transmission of multiply charged particles by the DMA. Singleparticle mass spectrometry and ion chromatography are used to investigatesoluble material in wet-generated samples and demonstrate that wet and drygeneration yield compositionally different particles. Activation results areanalyzed in the context of both κ-Köhler theory (κ-KT) andFrenkel–Halsey–Hill (FHH) adsorption activation theory. This study hastwo main results: (1) κ-KT is the suitable framework to describe claymineral nucleation activity. Apparent differences in κ with respect tosize arise from an artifact introduced by improper size-selectionmethodology. For dust particles with mobility sizes larger than ~300 nm, i.e., ones that are within an atmospherically relevant size range,both κ-KT and FHH theory yield similar critical supersaturations.However, the former requires a single hygroscopicity parameter instead of thetwo adjustable parameters required by the latter. For dry-generatedparticles, the size dependence of κ is likely an artifact of the shapeof the size distribution: there is a sharp drop-off in particle concentrationat ~300 nm, and a large fraction of particles classified witha mobility diameter less than ~300 nm are actually multiplycharged, resulting in a much lower critical supersaturation for dropletactivation than expected. For wet-generated particles, deviation fromκ-KT is likely a result of the dissolution and redistribution ofsoluble material. (2) Wet generation is found to be unsuitable for simulatingthe lofting of fresh dry dust because it changes the size-dependent criticalsupersaturations by fractionating and re-partitioning soluble material

Cloud condensation nucleus activity comparison of dry- and wet-generated mineral dust aerosol: the significance of soluble material