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We present a unique case study of the solar global irradiance in a highlyheterogeneous albedo environment at the Arctic coast. Diodearrayspectroradiometers were deployed at three sites around Ny Ålesund,Svalbard, and spectral irradiances were simultaneously measured under clear-sky conditions during a 24 h period. The 3-D radiative transfer modelMYSTIC is applied to simulate the measurements in various model scenarios.First, we model the effective albedos of ocean and snow and consequentlyaround each measurement site. The effective albedos at 340 nm increase from0.57 to 0.75, from the coastal site in the west towards the site 20 km east,away from the coast. The observed ratios of the global irradiance indicate a15% higher average irradiance, at 340 nm east relative to west, due tothe higher albedo. The comparison of our model scenarios suggest a snowalbedo of > 0.9 and confirm the observation that drift ice hasmoved into the Fjord during the day. The local time shift between thelocations causes a hysteresis-like behavior of these east–west ratios withsolar zenith angle (SZA). The observed hysteresis, however, is larger and,at 340 nm, can be explained by the drift ice. At 500 nm, a plausibleexplanation is a detector tilt of about 1°. The ratios betweenafternoon and morning irradiances at the same SZA are investigated, whichconfirm the above conclusions. At the coastal site, the measured irradianceis significantly higher in the afternoon than in the morning. Besides theeffect of changing drift ice and detector tilt, the small variations of theaerosol optical depth have to be considered also at the other stations toreduce the discrepancies between model and observations. Remainingdiscrepancies are possibly due to distant high clouds

Solar irradiance in the heterogeneous albedo environment of the Arctic coast: measurements and a 3-D model study