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Current estimates of the terrestrial carbon fluxes in Asia show largeuncertainties particularly in the boreal and mid-latitudes and in China. Inthis paper, we present an updated carbon flux estimate for Asia ("Asia"refers to lands as far west as the Urals and is divided into boreal Eurasia,temperate Eurasia and tropical Asia based on TransCom regions) by introducingaircraft CO2 measurements from the CONTRAIL (Comprehensive ObservationNetwork for Trace gases by Airline) program into an inversion modeling systembased on the CarbonTracker framework. We estimated the averaged annual totalAsian terrestrial land CO2 sink was about −1.56 Pg C yr−1 overthe period 2006–2010, which offsets about one-third of the fossil fuelemission from Asia (+4.15 Pg C yr−1). The uncertainty of theterrestrial uptake estimate was derived from a set of sensitivity tests andranged from −1.07 to −1.80 Pg C yr−1, comparable to the formalGaussian error of ±1.18 Pg C yr−1 (1-sigma). The largest sink wasfound in forests, predominantly in coniferous forests(−0.64 ± 0.70 Pg C yr−1) and mixed forests(−0.14 ± 0.27 Pg C yr−1); and the second and third largecarbon sinks were found in grass/shrub lands and croplands, accounting for−0.44 ± 0.48 Pg C yr−1 and−0.20 ± 0.48 Pg C yr−1, respectively. The carbon fluxes perecosystem type have large a priori Gaussian uncertainties, and the reductionof uncertainty based on assimilation of sparse observations over Asia ismodest (8.7–25.5%) for most individual ecosystems. The ecosystem fluxadjustments follow the detailed a priori spatial patterns by design, whichfurther increases the reliance on the a priori biosphere exchange model. Thepeak-to-peak amplitude of inter-annual variability (IAV) was0.57 Pg C yr−1 ranging from −1.71 Pg C yr−1 to−2.28 Pg C yr−1. The IAV analysis reveals that the Asian CO2sink was sensitive to climate variations, with the lowest uptake in 2010concurrent with a summer flood and autumn drought and the largest CO2sink in 2009 owing to favorable temperature and plentiful precipitationconditions. We also found the inclusion of the CONTRAIL data in the inversionmodeling system reduced the uncertainty by 11% over the whole Asianregion, with a large reduction in the southeast of boreal Eurasia, southeastof temperate Eurasia and most tropical Asian areas

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Estimating Asian terrestrial carbon fluxes from CONTRAIL aircraft and surface CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; observations for the period 2006–2010