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Impacts on tropospheric composition in the tropics and the SouthernHemisphere from biomass burning and other emission sources are studied usinga global chemical transport model, surface measurements and satelliteretrievals. Seasonal variations in observed CO at remote island sites areexamined. Easter Island (eastern Pacific Ocean) is impacted indirectly bythe hemispheric zonal transport of CO due to the burning in southern Africa/SouthAmerica, via the westerlies. An increasing trend in CO by 0.33 ppb yr−1in the past decade at Ascension Island is attributed to thecombined effects of South American/southern Africa burnings and theincreases in CH4 level. Compared to Easter Island and Ascension Island,much less contribution from biomass burning to atmospheric CO is found atthe island of Mahé (western Indian Ocean), where the total CO peaks inJanuary–February, reflecting the contributions of anthropogenic emissionsfrom India. We also examine the 2000–2050 changes in atmosphericcomposition in the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere driven by futurechanges in emissions and climate. Changes in solar radiation (UV) overSouth Atlantic Ocean (SAO) in future January have dominant effects on theO3 distribution. More than 55% of O3 concentrations over theSAO in both present-day and future September are not directly affected bythe emissions (including lightning) over the adjacent two continents but areattributable to the transport of O3 from surrounding areas due to COand CH4 oxidation and stratospheric intrusion. High NOx emissionsin both continents in 2050s increase PAN concentrations over remote oceansat the higher southern latitudes (> 35° S) as far asthose near Australia, affecting the O3 budget over there. Futurechanges in biomass burning and anthropogenic NOx emissions in southernAfrica lead to a new area of high O3 concentrations near South Africa.The resulted O3 outflow to the Indian Ocean is pronounced due to theeffects of the persistent anticyclone. A general reduction in future OHradical concentrations is predicted over the remote marine boundary layer inthe tropics and the Southern Hemisphere, as a result of the increases inCH4 and CO emissions

Seasonal variability and long-term evolution of tropospheric composition in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere