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Unusual aerosol enhancement is often observed at Syowa Station, Antarctica,during winter and spring. Simultaneous aerosol measurements near thesurface and in the upper atmosphere were conducted twice using a ground-basedoptical particle counter, a balloon-borne optical particle counter, andmicropulse lidar (MPL) in August and September 2012. During 13–15 August,aerosol enhancement occurred immediately after a storm condition. A highbackscatter ratio and high aerosol concentrations were observed from the surfaceto ca. 2.5 km over Syowa Station. Clouds appeared occasionally at the top ofthe aerosol-enhanced layer during the episode. Aerosol enhancement wasterminated on 15 August by strong winds from a cyclone's approach. In thesecond case, on 5–7 September, aerosol number concentrations inDp > 0.3 μm near the surfacereached > 104 L−1 at about 15:00 UT (Universal Time) on 5 Septemberdespite calm wind conditions, whereas MPL measurement exhibited aerosols wereenhanced at about 04:00 UT at 1000–1500 m above Syowa Station. The aerosolenhancement occurred near the surface to ca. 4 km. In both cases, air masseswith high aerosol enhancement below 2.5–3 km were transported mostly fromthe boundary layer over the sea-ice area. In addition, air masses at 3–4 kmin the second case came from the boundary layer over the open-sea area. Thisair mass history strongly suggests that dispersion of sea-salt particles fromthe sea-ice surface contributes considerably to aerosol enhancement in thelower free troposphere (about 3 km) and that the release of sea-saltparticles from the ocean surface engenders high aerosol concentrations in thefree troposphere (3–4 km). Continuous MPL measurements indicate that highaerosol enhancement occurred mostly in surface–lower free troposphere(3 km) during the period July–September

Simultaneous aerosol measurements of unusual aerosol enhancement in the troposphere over Syowa Station, Antarctica