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This study investigates the impacts of fire emission, convection, variousclimate conditions and transport pathways on the interannual variation ofcarbon monoxide (CO) in the tropical upper troposphere (UT), by evaluatingthe field correlation between these fields using multi-satelliteobservations and principle component analysis, and the transport pathwayauto-identification method developed in our previous study. The rotatedempirical orthogonal function (REOF) and singular value decomposition (SVD)methods are used to identify the dominant modes of CO interannual variationin the tropical UT and to study the coupled relationship between UT CO andits governing factors. Both REOF and SVD results confirm that Indonesia isthe most significant land region that affects the interannual variation ofCO in the tropical UT, and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is thedominant climate condition that affects the relationships between surface COemission, convection and UT CO. In addition, our results also show that theimpact of El Niño on the anomalous CO pattern in the tropical UT variesstrongly, primarily due to different anomalous emission and convectionpatterns associated with different El Niño events. In contrast, theanomalous CO pattern in the tropical UT during La Niña period appears tobe less variable among different events. Transport pathway analysis suggeststhat the average CO transported by the "local convection" pathway (ΔCO<sub>local</sub>) accounts for the differences of UT CO between different ENSOphases over the tropical continents during biomass burning season. ΔCO<sub>local</sub> is generally higher over Indonesia–Australia and lower overSouth America during El Niño years than during La Niña years. Theother pathway ("advection within the lower troposphere followed byconvective vertical transport") occurs more frequently over thewest-central Pacific during El Niño years than during La Niña years,which may account for the UT CO differences over this region betweendifferent ENSO phases

Impacts of fire emissions and transport pathways on the interannual variation of CO in the tropical upper troposphere