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In this work, the source of ambient particulate matter (PM10) collectedover a one-year period at an urban background site in Lens (France) wasdetermined and investigated using a positive matrix factorization receptormodel (US EPA PMF v3.0). In addition, a potential source contributionfunction (PSCF) was performed by means of the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (Hysplit) v4.9 model to assessprevailing geographical origins of the identified sources. A selectiveiteration process was followed for the qualification of the more robust andmeaningful PMF solution. Components measured and used in the PMF includedinorganic and organic species: soluble ionic species, trace elements,elemental carbon (EC), sugar alcohols, sugar anhydride, and organic carbon(OC). The mean PM10 concentration measured from March 2011 to March2012 was about 21 μg m−3 with typically OM, nitrate and sulfatecontributing to most of the mass and accounting respectively for 5.8, 4.5and 2.3 μg m−3 on a yearly basis. Accordingly, PMF outputsshowed that the main emission sources were (in decreasing order ofcontribution) secondary inorganic aerosols (28% of the total PM10mass), aged marine emissions (19%), with probably predominantcontribution of shipping activities, biomass burning (13%), mineral dust(13%), primary biogenic emissions (9%), fresh sea salts (8%),primary traffic emissions (6%) and heavy oil combustion (4%).Significant temporal variations were observed for most of the identifiedsources. In particular, biomass burning emissions were negligible in summerbut responsible for about 25% of total PM10 and 50% of total OCin wintertime. Conversely, primary biogenic emissions were found to benegligible in winter but to represent about 20% of total PM10 and40% of total OC in summer. The latter result calls for moreinvestigations of primary biogenic aerosols using source apportionmentstudies, which quite usually disregard this type of source. This studyfurther underlines the major influence of secondary processes duringdaily threshold exceedances. Finally, apparent discrepancies that could begenerally observed between filter-based studies (such as the present one)and aerosol mass spectrometer-based PMF analyses (organic fractions) arealso discussed

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Source apportionment of PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;10&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; in a north-western Europe regional urban background site (Lens, France) using positive matrix factorization and including primary biogenic emissions