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Accurate estimates of emissions from natural sources are needed for reliablepredictions of ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) using airquality models. In this study, the large-scale atmospheric chemistrytransport model, DEHM (the Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model) is furtherdeveloped, evaluated and applied to study and quantify the contributions ofnatural emissions of VOCs, NOx, NH3, SO2, CH4, PM, COand sea salt to the concentration of ozone and formation of PM2.5 forthe year 2006. Natural source categories adopted in the recent model arevegetation, lightning, soils, wild animals and oceans. In this study, themodel has been further developed to include more Biogenic Volatile OrganicCompounds (BVOCs) and to implement a scheme for secondary organic aerosolsas well as an updated description of sea-salt emissions. Our simulationsindicate that in the Northern Hemisphere the contribution from natural emissionsto the average annual ozone mixing ratios over land is between 4–30 ppbV.Among the natural emissions, BVOCs are found to be the most significantcontributors to ozone formation in 2006, enhancing the average ozone mixingratio by about 11% over the land areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Therelative contribution of all the natural emissions to ozone is found to behighest in the northern part of South America by about 42%. Similarly,the highest contribution of all the natural sources to total fine particlesover land is found to be in South America by about 74% and sea-saltaerosols demonstrated to play the most important role. However, over therest of the regions in the model domain the largest contribution from thenatural sources to PM2.5 in the specific year 2006 is due to wildfires.The contribution from natural emissions to the mean PM2.5 concentrationover the land areas in the model domain is about 34%

Quantifying the contributions of natural emissions to ozone and total fine PM concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere