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Fluorine-containing species can be extremely effective atmosphericgreenhouse gases. We present fluorine budgets using organic and inorganicspecies retrieved by the ACE-FTS satellite instrument supplemented withoutput from the SLIMCAT 3-D chemical transport model. The budgets arecalculated between 2004 and 2009 for a number of latitude bands:70–30° N, 30–00° N,00° N–30° S, and 30–70° S. Atlower altitudes total fluorine profiles are dominated by the contributionfrom CFC-12, up to an altitude of 20 km in the extra-tropics and 29 km inthe tropics; above these altitudes the profiles are dominated by hydrogen fluoride (HF). Ourdata show that total fluorine profiles at all locations have a negativeslope with altitude, providing evidence that overall fluorine emissions(measured by their F content) have been increasing with time. Totalstratospheric fluorine is increasing at a similar rate in the tropics:32.5 ± 4.9 ppt yr<sup>−1</sup> (1.31 ± 0.20% per year) in the NorthernHemisphere (NH) and 29.8 ± 5.3 ppt yr<sup>−1</sup> (1.21 ± 0.22% peryear) in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). Extra-tropical total stratosphericfluorine is also increasing at a similar rate in both the NH and SH: 28.3 ± 2.7 ppt per year (1.12 ± 0.11% per year) in the NH and24.3 ± 3.1 ppt per year (0.96 ± 0.12% per year) in the SH.The calculation of radiative efficiency-weighted total fluorine allows thechanges in radiative forcing between 2004 and 2009 to be calculated. Theseresults show an increase in radiative forcing of between 0.23 ± 0.11% per year and 0.45 ± 0.11% per year, due to the increase influorine-containing species during this time. The decreasing trends in themixing ratios of halons and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), due to their prohibition under theMontreal Protocol, have suppressed an increase in total fluorine caused byincreasing mixing ratios of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). This has reduced the impact of fluorine-containing species on global warming

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Global stratospheric fluorine inventory for 2004–2009 from Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) measurements and SLIMCAT model simulations