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Aerosols and new particle formation were studied in the western part of theYangtze River Delta (YRD) at the Station for Observing Regional Processes ofthe Earth System, Nanjing University (SORPES-NJU). Air ions in the diameterrange 0.8–42 nm were measured using an air ion spectrometer, and adifferential mobility particle sizer (DMPS) provided particle number sizedistributions between 6 and 800 nm. Additionally, meteorological data, tracegas concentrations, and PM2.5 values were recorded. During themeasurement period from 18 November 2011 to 31 March 2012, the mean totalparticle concentration was found to be 23 000 cm−3 and the meanPM2.5 value was 90 μg m−3, well above national limits.We observed 26 new particle formation events occurred during the measurementperiod, producing 6 nm particles at a rate of about 1 cm−3 s−1.Typical particle growth rates were between 6 and 7 nm h−1. On average,new particle formation and growth were estimated to enhance cloudcondensation nuclei concentration by about a factor of two during these eventdays. Ion measurements showed the typical cluster band below 2 nm, with totalion concentrations between about 600 and 1000 cm−3. A peculiar featureof the ion measurements were heightened ion cluster concentrations during thenights before the event days. At 2 nm, the formation rate of chargedparticles was only about 0.2% of the total rate, pointing towards anonly marginal role of ion-induced nucleation. Based on observations, a simpleempirical criterion was deducted to estimate particle formation probability.Dominated by radiation and relative humidity, the criterion can predict theoccurrence of particle formation with a 90% accuracy. In a similarfashion, a reasonably accurate estimate of particle formation rates wasderived. Combined, these parameters allow for a description of particleformation based on a few basic measured variables

Aerosols and nucleation in eastern China: first insights from the new SORPES-NJU station