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This study examines the occurrence and morphology of frozen-drop aggregatesin thunderstorm anvils from the United States Midwest and describes the environmentalconditions where they are found. In situ airborne data collected in anvilsusing several particle imaging and sizing probes and bulk total waterinstrumentation during the 2012 Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistryexperiment are examined for the presence of frozen-drop aggregates. Chainsof frozen drops have been only rarely reported before and are hypothesizedto aggregate due to electrical forces in the clouds. They were identified innine of the anvil cases examined to date, suggesting that they are commonfeatures in these Midwestern anvils. High concentrations of individualfrozen droplets occurred on the tops and edges of one particular set ofanvils, while regions closer to the center and bottom of these anvilsexhibited fewer frozen drops and more frozen-drop aggregates. Bulk ice watercontent measurements across these anvils could only be explained bycontributions from both small particles (frozen droplets) and largeparticles (large aggregates of frozen droplets). Dual Doppler radar analysisconfirmed the presence of deep and strong (> 15 m s<sup>−1</sup>)updrafts in the parent cloud of one of the anvils. These features contrastwith previous anvil measurements in tropical/maritime anvils that evidentlydo not exhibit the same frequency of frozen-drop aggregates

Ice particles in the upper anvil regions of midlatitude continental thunderstorms: the case for frozen-drop aggregates