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Ambient aerosol samples (TSP, n = 50) were collected for 12 months atsubtropical Okinawa Island, Japan, an outflow region of Asian dusts in thewestern North Pacific and analysed for organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon(EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water-soluble total nitrogen(WSTN), water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) and major ions to betterunderstand the formation and transformation of East Asian aerosols duringlong-range atmospheric transport. Concentration ranges of these componentsare; OC: 0.76–7.1 μg m−3 (av. 1.7 ± 1.0 μg m−3), EC:0.07–0.96 μg m−3 (0.28 ± 0.19 μg m−3),WSOC: 0.27–1.9 μg m−3(0.73 ± 0.38 μg m−3), WSTN: 0.77 to3.0 μg m−3 (0.58 ± 0.46 μg m−3) andWSON: 0.0–2.2 μg m−3(0.12 ± 0.23 μg m−3). Higher OC concentrations wereobtained in active biota seasons; spring (av. 2.4 μg m−3) andsummer (1.8 μg m−3). EC and WSOC concentrations maximized inspring (av. 0.41 μg m−3 and 0.95 μg m−3,respectively) followed by winter (0. 70 and 0.90 μg m−3)whereas they became lowest in summer (0.19 and 0.52 μg m−3).In contrast, WSTN concentrations were highest in winter(0.86 μg m−3) and lowest in summer(0.37 μg m−3) and autumn (0.34 μg m−3).Concentrations of WSON are higher in early summer (av.0.26 μg m−3) due to the emission from marine biota. The highratios of OC / EC (av. 7.6) and WSOC / OC (44%) suggest a secondaryformation of organic aerosols. Strong correlation between OC and MSA-(0.81) in spring suggests that springtime aerosols are influenced byadditional marine and terrestrial biogenic sources. The positive correlationof Ca2+ and TSP in spring (r = = 0.81) demonstrates a significantcontribution of Asian dust whereas high abundances of NO3- andnss-SO42- in winter suggest an important contribution fromanthropogenic sources including biomass burning, vehicular emission and coalcombustion. NH4-N/WSTN ratios peaked in winter (0.56), indicating asignificant contribution of biomass burning to WSTN in cold season. Incontrast, higher NO3-N/WSTN ratio in spring than winter suggests that theatmospheric transport of vehicular emissions maximizes in spring. Correlationanalyses of major ions suggest that NH4+ and Ca2+ play majorrole in the neutralization of acidic aerosols forming NH4HSO4,(NH4)2SO4 and CaSO4

atmospheric chemistry and physics

One-year observations of carbonaceous and nitrogenous components and major ions in the aerosols from subtropical Okinawa Island, an outflow region of Asian dusts