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Atmospheric black carbon (BC) absorbs solar radiation, and exacerbatesglobal warming through exerting positive radiative forcing (RF). However,the contribution of BC to ongoing changes in global climate is under debate.Anthropogenic BC emissions, and the resulting distribution of BCconcentration, are highly uncertain. In particular, long-range transport andprocesses affecting BC atmospheric lifetime are poorly understood. Here wediscuss whether recent assessments may have overestimated present-day BCradiative forcing in remote regions. We compare vertical profiles of BCconcentration from four recent aircraft measurement campaigns to simulationsby 13 aerosol models participating in the AeroCom Phase II intercomparison.An atmospheric lifetime of BC of less than 5 days is shown to be essentialfor reproducing observations in remote ocean regions, in line with otherrecent studies. Adjusting model results to measurements in remote regions,and at high altitudes, leads to a 25% reduction in AeroCom Phase IImedian direct BC forcing, from fossil fuel and biofuel burning, over theindustrial era. The sensitivity of modelled forcing to BC vertical profileand lifetime highlights an urgent need for further flight campaigns, closeto sources and in remote regions, to provide improved quantification of BCeffects for use in climate policy

Modelled black carbon radiative forcing and atmospheric lifetime in AeroCom Phase II constrained by aircraft observations