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This work describes improvements in the regional aerosol–climate  model REMO-HAM in order to simulate more realistically the process  of atmospheric new particle formation (NPF). A new scheme was  implemented to simulate OH radical concentrations using a proxy  approach based on observations and also accounting for the effects  of clouds upon OH concentrations. Second, the nucleation rate  calculation was modified to directly simulate the formation rates of  3 nm particles, which removes some unnecessary steps in the  formation rate calculations used earlier in the model. Using the  updated model version, NPF over Europe was simulated for the periods  2003–2004 and 2008–2009.  The statistics of the simulated particle  formation events were subsequently compared to observations from 13  ground-based measurement sites. The new model shows improved  agreement with the observed NPF rates compared to former versions  and can simulate the event statistics realistically for most parts  of Europe

Analysis of nucleation events in the European boundary layer using the regional aerosol–climate model REMO-HAM with a solar radiation-driven OH-proxy