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During the July 2011 Deriving Information on Surface conditions fromColumn and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality(DISCOVER-AQ) field experiment in Maryland, significantenhancements in Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sun–sky radiometermeasured aerosol optical depth (AOD) were observed in the immediate vicinityof non-precipitating cumulus clouds on some days. Both measured Ångströmexponents and aerosol size distribution retrievals made before, during andafter cumulus development often suggest little change in fine mode particlesize; therefore, implying possible new particle formation in addition tocloud processing and humidification of existing particles. In addition tosun–sky radiometer measurements of large enhancements of fine mode AOD,lidar measurements made from both ground-based and aircraft-basedinstruments during the experiment also measured large increases in aerosolsignal at altitudes associated with the presence of fair weather cumulusclouds. These data show modifications of the aerosol vertical profile as aresult of the aerosol enhancements at and below cloud altitudes. Theairborne lidar data were utilized to estimate the spatial extent of theseaerosol enhancements, finding increased AOD, backscatter and extinction outto 2.5 km distance from the cloud edge. Furthermore, in situ measurementsmade from aircraft vertical profiles over an AERONET site during theexperiment also showed large increases in aerosol scattering and aerosolvolume after cloud formation as compared to before. The 15-year AERONETdatabase of AOD measurements at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC),Maryland site, was investigated in order to obtain a climatologicalperspective of this phenomenon of AOD enhancement. Analysis of the diurnalcycle of AOD in summer showed significant increases in AOD from morningto late afternoon, corresponding to the diurnal cycle of cumulusdevelopment

Observations of rapid aerosol optical depth enhancements in the vicinity of polluted cumulus clouds