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A state-of-the-art regional model, the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model (Skamarock et al., 2008) coupled with a chemistry component(Chem)(Grell et al., 2005), is coupled with the snow, ice, and aerosol radiative(SNICAR)model that includes the most sophisticated representation of snowmetamorphism processes available for climate study. The coupled model isused to simulate black carbon (BC) and dust concentrations and theirradiative forcing in seasonal snow over North China in January–February of2010, with extensive field measurements used to evaluate the modelperformance. In general, the model simulated spatial variability of BC anddust mass concentrations in the top snow layer (hereafter BCS and DSTS,respectively) are consistent with observations. The model generallymoderately underestimates BCS in the clean regions but significantlyoverestimates BCS in some polluted regions. Most model results fall withinthe uncertainty ranges of observations. The simulated BCS and DSTS arehighest with > 5000 ng g−1 and up to 5 mg g−1,respectively, over the source regions and reduce to < 50 ng g−1and < 1 μg g−1, respectively, in the remote regions. BCSand DSTS introduce a similar magnitude of radiative warming(~ 10 W m−2) in the snowpack, which is comparable to the magnitude ofsurface radiative cooling due to BC and dust in the atmosphere. This studyrepresents an effort in using a regional modeling framework to simulate BCand dust and their direct radiative forcing in snowpack. Although a varietyof observational data sets have been used to attribute model biases, someuncertainties in the results remain, which highlights the need for moreobservations, particularly concurrent measurements of atmospheric and snowaerosols and the deposition fluxes of aerosols, in future campaigns

Simulating black carbon and dust and their radiative forcing in seasonal snow: a case study over North China with field campaign measurements