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Measurements of aerosol number concentrations and direct aerosol samplingwere conducted on continental Antarctica during the traverse of theJapanese–Swedish joint Antarctic expedition (JASE) from 14 November 2007until 24 January 2008. Aerosol concentrations in background conditionsdecreased gradually with latitude in inland regions during the traverse. Thelowest aerosol number concentrations were 160 L−1 in Dp> 0.3 μm, and 0.5 L−1 in Dp 2 μm.In contrast, aerosol concentrations reached 3278 L−1 in Dp > 0.3 μm, and 215 L−1 in Dp > 2 μmunder strong wind conditions. The estimated aerosol mass concentrations were0.04–5.7 μg m−3. Single particle analysis of aerosol particlescollected during the JASE traverse was conducted using a scanning electronmicroscope equipped with an energy dispersive x ray spectrometer. Majoraerosol constituents were sulfates in fine mode, and sulfate, sea salts,modified sea salts, and fractionated sea salts in coarse mode. K-richsulfates, Mg-rich sulfate, Ca-rich sulfates, and minerals were identified asminor aerosol constituents. Horizontal features of Cl / Na ratios imply thatsea-salt modification (i.e. Cl loss) occurred on the Antarctic continentduring the summer. Most sea-salt particles in the continental region nearthe coast were modified with acidic sulfur species such as H2SO4and CH3SO3H. By contrast, acidic species other than the acidicsulfur species (likely HNO3) contributed markedly to sea-saltmodification in inland areas during the traverse. Mg-rich sea-salt particlesand Mg-free sea-salt particles were present in coarse and fine modes fromthe coast to inland areas. These sea-salt particles might be associated withsea-salt fractionation on the snow surface of continental Antarctica

Horizontal distributions of aerosol constituents and their mixing states in Antarctica during the JASE traverse