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Measurements carried out on the island of Lampedusa, in the centralMediterranean, on 7 September 2005, show the occurrence of a quasi-periodicoscillation of aerosol optical depth, column water vapour, and surfaceirradiance in different spectral bands. The oscillation has a period ofabout 13 min and is attributed to the propagation of a gravity wave ableto modify the vertical structure of the planetary boundary layer, as alsoconfirmed by satellite images. The wave occurred during a Saharan dustevent. The oscillation amplitude is about 0.1 for the aerosol optical depth,and about 0.4 cm for the column water vapour. The modulation of the downwardsurface irradiances is in opposition of phase with respect to aerosoloptical depth and water vapour column variations. The perturbation of thedownward irradiance produced by the aerosols is determined by comparing themeasured irradiances with estimated irradiances at a fixed value of theaerosol optical depth, and by correcting for the effect of the water vapourin the shortwave spectral range. The direct radiative forcing efficiency,i.e., the radiative perturbation of the net surface irradiance produced by aunit of optical depth aerosol layer, is determined at different solar zenithangles as the slope of the irradiance perturbation versus the aerosoloptical depth. The estimated direct surface forcing efficiency at about60° solar zenith angle is −(181 ± 17) W m−2 in theshortwave, and −(83 ± 7) W m−2 in the photosynthetic spectralrange. The estimated daily average forcing efficiencies are of about −79 and−46 W m−2 for the shortwave and photosynthetic spectral range,respectively

Estimate of surface direct radiative forcing of desert dust from atmospheric modulation of the aerosol optical depth