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Primary marine aerosols (PMAs) are an important source of cloudcondensation nuclei, and one of the key elements of the remote marineradiative budget. Changes occurring in the rapidly warming Arctic,most importantly the decreasing sea ice extent, will alter PMAproduction and hence the Arctic climate through a set of feedbackprocesses. In light of this, laboratory experiments with Arctic Oceanwater during both Arctic winter and summer were conducted and focusedon PMA emissions as a function of season and water properties. Totalparticle number concentrations and particle number size distributionswere used to characterize the PMA population. A comprehensive data setfrom the Arctic summer and winter showed a decrease in PMAconcentrations for the covered water temperature (Tw)range between −1°C and15°C. A sharp decrease in PMA emissions fora Tw increase from −1°C to4°C was followed by a lower rate of change in PMAemissions for Tw up to about 6°C. Nearconstant number concentrations for water temperatures between6°C to 10°C and higher wererecorded. Even though the total particle number concentration changesfor overlapping Tw ranges were consistent between thesummer and winter measurements, the distribution of particle numberconcentrations among the different sizes varied between theseasons. Median particle number concentrations for a dry diameter (Dp<0.125μm measured during winter conditions were similar(deviation of up to 3%), or lower (up to 70%) than the onesmeasured during summer conditions (for the same water temperaturerange). For Dp > 0.125μm, the particlenumber concentrations during winter were mostly higher than in summer(up to 50%). The normalized particle number size distribution asa function of water temperature was examined for both winter andsummer measurements. An increase in Tw from−1°C to 10°C during wintermeasurements showed a decrease in the peak of relative particle numberconcentration at about a Dp of 0.180μm, whilean increase was observed for particles with Dp >1μm. Summer measurements exhibited a relative shift tosmaller particle sizes for an increase of Tw in therange 7–11°C. The differences in the shape of thenumber size distributions between winter and summer may be caused bydifferent production of organic material in water, different localprocesses modifying the water masses within the fjord (for example sea iceproduction in winter and increased glacial meltwater inflow duringsummer) and different origin of the dominant sea water mass. Furtherresearch is needed regarding the contribution of these factors to thePMA production

Comparison between summertime and wintertime Arctic Ocean primary marine aerosol properties