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In our previous works, it was demonstrated that the combined use ofquantitative energy-dispersive electron probe X-ray microanalysis (ED-EPMA),which is also known as low-Z particle EPMA, and attenuated total reflectanceFourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) imaging has great potential for a detailed characterizationof individual aerosol particles. In this study, extensively chemicallymodified (aged) individual Asian dust particles collected during an Asiandust storm event on 11 November 2002 in Korea were characterized by thecombined use of low-Z particle EPMA and ATR-FTIR imaging. Overall, 109individual particles were classified into four particle types based on theirmorphology, elemental concentrations, and molecular species and/orfunctional groups of individual particles available from the two analyticaltechniques: Ca-containing (38%), NaNO3-containing (30%), silicate(22%), and miscellaneous particles (10%). Among the 41 Ca-containingparticles, 10, 8, and 14 particles contained nitrate, sulfate, and both,respectively, whereas only two particles contained unreacted CaCO3.Airborne amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) particles were observed in thisAsian dust sample for the first time, where their IR peaks for theinsufficient symmetric environment of CO32− ions of ACC wereclearly differentiated from those of crystalline CaCO3. This paper alsoreports the first inland field observation of CaCl2 particlesprobably converted from CaCO3 through the reaction with HCl(g). HCl(g)was likely released from the reaction of sea salt with NOx/HNO3,as all 33 particles of marine origin contained NaNO3 (no genuine seasalt particle was encountered). Some silicate particles with minor amountsof calcium were observed to be mixed with nitrate, sulfate, and water. Among24 silicate particles, 10 particles are mixed with water, the presence ofwhich could facilitate atmospheric heterogeneous reactions of silicateparticles including swelling minerals, such as montmorillonite andvermiculite, and nonswelling ones, such as feldspar and quartz. This paperprovides detailed information on the physicochemical characteristics ofthese aged individual Asia dust particles through the combined use of thetwo single-particle analytical techniques, and using this analyticalmethodology it is clearly shown that internal mixing states of the agedparticles are highly complicated

Investigation of aged Asian dust particles by the combined use of quantitative ED-EPMA and ATR-FTIR imaging