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We present the first spatial analysis of "fingerprints" of the El  Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and atmospheric aerosol load  after major volcanic eruptions (El Chichón and Mt. Pinatubo) in  extreme low and high (termed ELOs and EHOs, respectively) and mean  values of total ozone for the northern and southern mid-latitudes  (defined as the region between 30&deg; and 60&deg; north and  south, respectively). Significant influence on ozone extremes was  found for the warm ENSO phase in both hemispheres during spring,  especially towards low latitudes, indicating the enhanced ozone  transport from the tropics to the extra-tropics. Further, the  results confirm findings of recent work on the connection between  the ENSO phase and the strength and extent of the southern ozone  "collar". For the volcanic eruptions the analysis confirms  findings of earlier studies for the northern mid-latitudes and gives  new insights for the Southern Hemisphere. The results provide  evidence that the negative effect of the eruption of El Chichón  might be partly compensated by a strong warm ENSO phase in 1982–1983  at southern mid-latitudes. The strong west-east gradient in the  coefficient estimates for the Mt. Pinatubo eruption and the analysis  of the relationship between the AAO and ENSO phase, the extent and  the position of the southern ozone "collar" and the polar vortex  structure provide clear evidence for a dynamical "masking" of the  volcanic signal at southern mid-latitudes. The paper also analyses  the contribution of atmospheric dynamics and chemistry to long-term  total ozone changes. Here, quite heterogeneous results have been  found on spatial scales. In general the results show that EESC and  the 11-yr solar cycle can be identified as major contributors to  long-term ozone changes. However, a strong contribution of dynamical  features (El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), North Atlantic  Oscillation (NAO), Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), Quasi-Biennial  Oscillation (QBO)) to ozone variability and trends is found at  a regional level. For the QBO (at 30 and 50 hPa), strong  influence on total ozone variability and trends is found over large  parts of the northern and southern mid-latitudes, especially towards  equatorial latitudes. Strong influence of ENSO is found over the  Northern and Southern Pacific, Central Europe and central southern  mid-latitudes. For the NAO, strong influence on column ozone is  found over Labrador/Greenland, the Eastern United States, the  Euro-Atlantic Sector, and Central Europe. For the NAO's southern  counterpart, the AAO, strong influence on ozone variability and  long-term changes is found at lower southern mid-latitudes,  including the southern parts of South America and the Antarctic  Peninsula, and central southern mid-latitudes

atmospheric chemistry and physics

On the relationship between total ozone and atmospheric dynamics and chemistry at mid-latitudes – Part 2: The effects of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, volcanic eruptions and contributions of atmospheric dynamics and chemistry to long-term total ozone changes