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The D/H isotope ratio is used to attribute boundary layer humidity changes tothe set of contributing fluxes for a case following a snowstorm in which asnow pack of about 10 cm vanished. Profiles of H2O and CO2 mixingratio, D/H isotope ratio, and several thermodynamic properties were measuredfrom the surface to 300 m every 15 min during four winter days nearBoulder, Colorado. Coeval analysis of the D/H ratios and CO2concentrations find these two variables to be complementary with the formerbeing sensitive to daytime surface fluxes and the latter particularlyindicative of nocturnal surface sources. Together they capture evidence forstrong vertical mixing during the day, weaker mixing by turbulent bursts andlow level jets within the nocturnal stable boundary layer during the night,and frost formation in the morning. The profiles are generally not welldescribed with a gradient mixing line analysis because D/H ratios of the endmembers (i.e., surface fluxes and the free troposphere) evolve throughout theday which leads to large uncertainties in the estimate of the D/H ratio ofsurface water flux. A mass balance model is constructed for the snow pack,and constrained with observations to provide an optimal estimate of thepartitioning of the surface water flux into contributions from sublimation,evaporation of melt water in the snow and evaporation from ponds. Resultsshow that while vapor measurements are important in constraining surfacefluxes, measurements of the source reservoirs (soil water, snow pack andstanding liquid) offer stronger constraint on the surface water balance.Measurements of surface water are therefore essential in developingobservational programs that seek to use isotopic data for flux attribution

Determining water sources in the boundary layer from tall tower profiles of water vapor and surface water isotope ratios after a snowstorm in Colorado