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There has been growing interest in the vertical structure of the recentArctic warming. We investigated temperatures at the surface, 925, 700, 500and 300 hPa levels in the Arctic (north of 70° N) usingobservations and four reanalyses: ERA-Interim, CFSR, MERRA and NCEP II. Forthe period 1979–2011, the layers at 500 hPa and below show a warming trendin all seasons in all the chosen reanalyses and observations. Restrictingthe analysis to the 1998–2011 period, however, all the reanalyses show acooling trend in the Arctic-mean 500 hPa temperature in autumn, and thisalso applies to both observations and the reanalyses when restricting theanalysis to the locations with available IGRA radiosoundings. During thisperiod, the surface observations mainly representing land areas surroundingthe Arctic Ocean reveal no summertime trend, in contrast with thereanalyses whether restricted to the locations of the available surfaceobservations or not.  In evaluating the reanalyses with observations, we find that the reanalysesagree better with each other at the available IGRA sounding locations thanfor the Arctic average, perhaps because the sounding observations wereassimilated into reanalyses. Conversely, using the reanalysis data only fromlocations matching available surface (air) temperature observations does notimprove the agreement between the reanalyses. At 925 hPa, CFSR deviates fromthe other three reanalyses, especially in summer after 2000, and it alsodeviates more from the IGRA radiosoundings than the other reanalyses do. TheCFSR error in summer <i>T</i><sub>925</sub> is due mainly to underestimations in theCanadian-Atlantic sector between 120° W and0°. The other reanalyses also have negative biases in thislongitude band

On the possibilities to use atmospheric reanalyses to evaluate the warming structure in the Arctic