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This paper serves as an overview and discusses the main findings from theBorder Air Quality and Meteorology Study (BAQS-Met) in southwestern Ontarioin 2007. This region is dominated by the Great Lakes, shares borders withthe United States and consistently experiences the highest ozone (O3)and fine particulate matter concentrations in Canada. The purpose of BAQS-Met was toimprove our understanding of how lake-driven meteorology impacts air qualityin the region, and to improve models used for forecasting and policyscenarios. Results show that lake breeze occurrence frequencies and inlandpenetration distances were significantly greater than realized in the past.Due to their effect on local meteorology, the lakes were found to enhancesecondary O3 and aerosol formation such that local anthropogenicemissions have their impact closer to the populated source areas than wouldotherwise occur in the absence of the lakes. Substantial spatialheterogeneity in O3 was observed with local peaks typically 30 ppbabove the regional values. Sulfate and secondary organic aerosol (SOA)enhancements were also linked to local emissions being transported in thelake breeze circulations. This study included the first detailed evaluationof regional applications of a high-resolution (2.5 km grid) air qualitymodel in the Great Lakes region. The model showed that maxima in secondarypollutants occur in areas of convergence, in localized updrafts and indistinct pockets over the lake surfaces. These effects are caused by lakecirculations interacting with the synoptic flow, with each other or withcirculations induced by urban heat islands. Biogenic and anthropogenicemissions were both shown to play a role in the formation of SOA in theregion. Detailed particle measurements and multivariate receptor modelsreveal that while individual particles are internally mixed, they oftenexist within more complex external mixtures. This makes it difficult topredict aerosol optical properties and further highlights the challengesfacing aerosol modelling. The BAQS-Met study has led to a betterunderstanding of the value of high-resolution (2.5 km) modelling for airquality and meteorological predictions and has led to several modelimprovements

Exploring the nature of air quality over southwestern Ontario: main findings from the Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study