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Aerosol size distribution, total concentration (i.e. condensation nuclei(CN) concentration, NCN), cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration(NCCN), hygroscopicity at ~90% relative humidity (RH) weremeasured at a background monitoring site at Gosan, Jeju Island, south of theKorean Peninsula in August 2006, April to May 2007 and August to October2008. Similar measurements took place in August 2009 at another backgroundsite (Baengnyeongdo Comprehensive Monitoring Observatory, BCMO) on theisland of Baengnyeongdo, off the west coast of the Korean Peninsula. Bothislands were found to be influenced by continental sources regardless ofseason and year. Average values for all of the measured NCCN at 0.2,0.6 and 1.0% supersaturations (S), NCN, and geometric mean diameter(Dg) from both islands were in the range of 1043–3051 cm−3,2076–4360 cm−3, 2713–4694 cm−3, 3890–5117 cm−3 and81–98 nm, respectively. Although the differences in Dg and NCN weresmall between Gosan and BCMO, NCCN at various S was much higher at thelatter, which is closer to China. Most of the aerosols were internally mixed and no notable differences inhygroscopicity were found between the days of strong pollution influence andthe non-pollution days for both islands. During the 2008 and 2009 campaigns,critical supersaturation for CCN nucleation (Sc) for selected particlesizes was measured. Particles of 100 nm diameters had mean Sc of0.19 ± 0.02% during 2008 and those of 81 and 110 nm diameters had meanSc of 0.26 ± 0.07% and 0.17 ± 0.04%, respectively, during2009. The values of the hygroscopicity parameter (κ), estimated frommeasured Sc, were mostly higher than the κ values obtained fromthe measured hygroscopic growth at ~90% RH. For the 2008 campaign, NCCN at 0.2, 0.6 and 1.0% S were predictedbased on measured dry particle size distributions and various ways ofrepresenting particle hygroscopicity. The best closure was obtained whentemporally varying and size-resolved hygroscopicity information from theHTDMA was used, for which the average relative deviations from the measuredvalues were 28 ± 20% for 0.2% S (mostly under-prediction), 25 ± 52% for 0.6% (balanced between over- and under-prediction) and 19 ± 15% for 1.0% S (balanced). Prescribing a constant hygroscopicityparameter suggested in the literature (κ = 0.3) for all sizes andtimes resulted in average relative deviations of 28–41% whereover-prediction was dominant. When constant hygroscopicity was assumed, therelative deviation tended to increase with decreasing NCCN, which wasaccompanied by an increase of the sub-100 nm fraction. These results suggestthat hygroscopicity information for particles of diameters smaller than 100 nmis crucial for more accurate predictions of NCCN. For confirmationwhen κ = 0.17, the average κ for sub-100 nm particles in thisstudy, was applied for sub-100 nm and κ = 0.3 for all other sizes,the CCN closure became significantly better than that with κ = 0.3 forall sizes

atmospheric chemistry and physics

On aerosol hygroscopicity, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) spectra and critical supersaturation measured at two remote islands of Korea between 2006 and 2009