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Since 1999 Cairo and the Nile delta region have suffered from air pollutionepisodes called the "black cloud" during the fall season. These have beenattributed to either burning of agriculture waste or long-range transport ofdesert dust. Here we present a detailed analysis of the optical andmicrophysical aerosol properties, based on satellite data. Monthly meanvalues of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol opticaldepth (AOD) at 550 nm were examined for the 10 yr periodfrom 2000–2009. Significant monthly variability is observed in the AOD withmaxima in April or May (~0.5) and October (~0.45), and aminimum in December and January (~0.2). Monthly mean valuesof UV Aerosol Index (UVAI) retrieved by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument(OMI) for 4 yr (2005–2008) exhibit the same AOD pattern. The carbonaceousaerosols during the black cloud periods are confined to the planetaryboundary layer (PBL), while dust aerosols exist over a wider range ofaltitudes, as shown by Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder SatelliteObservation (CALIPSO) aerosol profiles. The monthly climatology ofMulti-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) data show that the aerosolsduring the black cloud periods are spherical with a higher percentage ofsmall and medium size particles, whereas the spring aerosols are mostlylarge non-spherical particles. All of the results show that the air qualityin Cairo and the Nile delta region is subject to a complex mixture of airpollution types, especially in the fall season, when biomass burningcontributes to a background of urban pollution and desert dust

Aerosol climatology over Nile Delta based on MODIS, MISR and OMI satellite data