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Multi-annual simulations with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere(CLaMS) were conducted to study the seasonality of O3 within thestratospheric part of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL),i.e. above θ=360 K potential temperature level.In agreement with satellite (HALOE) and in-situ observations (SHADOZ),CLaMS simulations show a pronounced annual cycle in O3,at and above θ=380 K, with the highest mixing ratios in the lateboreal summer. Within the model, this cycle is driven by the seasonality ofboth upwelling and in-mixing. The latter process occurs through enhancedhorizontal transport from the extratropics into the TTL that is mainlydriven by the meridional, isentropic winds.The strongest in-mixing occurs during the late boreal summer from theNorthern Hemisphere in the potential temperature range between 370 and420 K. Complementary, the strongest upwelling occurs in winterreducing O3 to the lowest values in early spring.Both CLaMS simulations and Aura MLS O3 observations consistentlyshow that enhanced in-mixing in summer is mainly driven by theAsian monsoon anticyclone

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Annual cycle of ozone at and above the tropical tropopause: observations versus simulations with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS)