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In this study, the LMDz-INCA climate-chemistry model and up-to-date globalemission inventories are used to investigate the "present" (2000) and future(2050) impacts of transport emissions (road traffic, shipping and aircraft)on global tropospheric ozone. For the first time, both impacts of emissionsand climate changes on transport-induced ozone are investigated. The 2000transport emissions are shown to mainly affect ozone in the Northern Hemisphere, witha maximum increase of the tropospheric column of up to 5 DU, from the South-eastern US to Central Europe. The impact is dominated byroad traffic in the middle and upper troposphere, North of 40° S, and byshipping in the northern lower troposphere, over oceanic regions. A strongreduction of road emissions and a moderate (B1 scenario) to high (A1Bscenario) increase of the ship and aircraft emissions are projected by theyear 2050. As a consequence, LMDz-INCA simulations predict a drasticdecrease in the impact of road emissions, whereas aviation would become themajor transport perturbation on tropospheric ozone, even in the case of avery optimistic aircraft mitigation scenario. The A1B emission scenarioleads to an increase of the impact of transport on zonal mean ozoneconcentrations in 2050 by up to +30% and +50%, in the Northern andSouthern Hemispheres, respectively. Despite a similar total amount of globalNO<sub>x</sub> emissions by the various transport sectors compared to 2000, theoverall impact on the tropospheric ozone column is increased everywhere in2050, due to a sectoral shift in the emissions of the respective transportmodes. On the opposite, the B1 mitigation scenario leads to a significantreduction (by roughly 50%) of the ozone perturbation throughout thetroposphere compared to 2000.  Considering climate change, and according to scenario A1B, a decrease of theO<sub>3</sub> tropospheric burden is simulated by 2050 due to climate change (−1.2%), whereas an increase of ozone of up to 2% is calculated in theupper troposphere in the inter-tropical zone, due to enhanced lightningactivity. A global impact of similar magnitude is simulated for thetransport-induced ozone burden perturbation (−1.6%). As a result, thefuture increase in global ozone due to changes in anthropogenic emissions islowered by 12% and by 4%, for the background and the transport-inducedozone, respectively. However, positive and negative climate effects areobtained on ozone, depending on the season, region and altitude, with anincrease of the transport-induced ozone perturbation (+0.4 DU) in thealready most affected area of Northern Hemisphere

Present and future impact of aircraft, road traffic and shipping emissions on global tropospheric ozone