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Reproduction carries costs, in terms of growth, survival, and future reproduction, because reproduction entails the expenditure of energy and time that could be used for other functions. Male Pagurus hermit crabs engage in precopulatory mate guarding behavior for a period of up to several days, and this guarding behavior may entail costs for males. We investigated whether precopulatory mate guarding depresses feeding rate and molting frequency as a cost of reproduction for males in the hermit crab Pagurus nigrofascia. Males were discriminated into the following three size classes: small males that were not observed to guard females, middle-sized males, and large males that guarded females. In the field, molting frequency of the large males was significantly lower than that of the other two size classes. The feeding activity of males was greatly depressed while they were engaged in guarding behavior. The duration of guarding was a#ected by sex ratio in laboratory experiments, the total guarding time increasing along with the number of mates. Molting frequency did not di#er significantly among male crabs under the di#erent sex ratios, however. We suggest that precopulatory mate guarding may entail a reproductive cost for males of P. nigrofascia due to depression of feeding activity although this cost may be compensated for by higher feeding activity before and/or after guarding. Key Words: molting frequency, Pagurus nigrofascia, precopulatory mate guarding, reproductive cost 1 ; <=>?@ABCDE FG G 1HG IE J >KLM NO PQ R PA>S (Ro# 1992)4 TU G VW KLM NO XY Z[AG 1H\ J >KLM NO PQ]G 1 H \ ^_;`&a (Reznick 1985; Oberhauser 1989; Barnes & Partridge 2003)4 b cd> efa g hi_ jkAG lmnD 4 oE AG pq1/G rs G t uvG >w efXYxy>KLM z{\| } `& coE1~ (Partridge & Farquhar 1981; Robinson & Doyle 1985; Van Voorhies 1992; Clutton-Brock & Langley 1997)4 W G NVW  PCDES cd G V N b>SG   N PAG ;  A+QS CD 4 VW  PG A t> N N b>d (Ridley 1983; Conlan 1991; Johnson et al. 2001)4 c |} _ `& \O G  t$tv>w > fAG oE >;  CD (Elwood & Dick 1990; Sparkes et al. 1996; Jormalainen et al. 2001; Watson et al. 1998)4 YG ; oES Q\uv ¡ ¢;£¤a G ¥t; W> b ;G > PCD ES (Dick & Elwood 1996; Jormalainen & Shuster 1999; Wada et al. 2000; Rondeau & Sainte-Marie 2001; Kamio et al. 2003)4 ¥t ¦ AG oE £+NYCa§XD>S4 X§X S EG ;1H \ ^_  N ̈©XYa«Ak>S (Robinson & Doyle 1985)4 ¬PG ;/ t> ­N® ̄ °P§±G $/ P a ;CDES 2 3 Hazlett 1966 ́4 ¬PAG |}a Yμ G  ̄ °; SCD PG  A|}¶ · N ̧ § XD>S4YG1o Pagurus middendor$i Received 12 Mar. 2009 Accepted 23 May 2009 Corresponding author Japanese Journal of Benthology »  ,1⁄41⁄2 64: 25 31 (2009)

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Reproduction and Growth in the Hermit Crab &lt;i&gt;Pagurus nigrofascia&lt;/i&gt; (Anomura: Crustacea): Do Males Incur Costs for Molting in Precopulatory Mate Guarding ?