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The Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS) is nowadays the mosteffective device that can feed particle accelerators in a continuous andreliable way, providing high-current beams of low- and medium-charge-state ionsand relatively intense currents for highly charged ions. The ECRIS is animportant tool for research with ion beams (in surface, atomic, and nuclearscience) while, on the other hand, it implies plasma under extreme conditionsand thus constitutes an object of scientific interest in itself. Thefundamental aspect of the coupling between the electromagnetic wave and theplasma is hereinafter treated together with some variations to the classicalECR heating mechanism, with particular attention being paid to the frequencytuning effect and two-frequency heating. Considerations of electron and iondynamics will be presented together with some recent observations connectingthe beam shape with the frequency of the electromagnetic wave feeding thecavity. The future challenges of higher-charge states, high-charge breedingefficiency, and high absolute ionization efficiency also call for theexploration of new heating schemes and synergy between experiments andmodelling. Some results concerning the investigation of innovative mechanismsof plasma ignition based on upper hybrid resonance will be described.

Microwave Coupling to ECR and Alternative Heating Methods