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A component which suffers radiation damage usually also becomes radioactive,since the source of activation and radiation damage is the interaction of thematerial with particles from an accelerator or with reaction products. However,the underlying mechanisms of the two phenomena are different. These mechanismsare described here. Activation and radiation damage can have far-reachingconsequences. Components such as targets, collimators, and beam dumps are thefirst candidates for failure as a result of radiation damage. This means thatthey have to be replaced or repaired. This takes time, during which personnelaccumulate dose. If the dose to personnel at work would exceed permittedlimits, remote handling becomes necessary. The remaining material has to bedisposed of as radioactive waste, for which an elaborate procedure acceptableto the authorities is required. One of the requirements of the authorities is acomplete nuclide inventory. The methods used for calculation of suchinventories are presented, and the results are compared with measured data. Inthe second part of the paper, the effect of radiation damage on materialproperties is described. The mechanism of damage to a material due toirradiation is described. The amount of radiation damage is quantified in termsof displacements per atom. Its calculation and deficiencies in explaining andpredicting the changes in mechanical and thermal material properties arediscussed, and examples are given.

Activation and radiation damage in the environment of hadron accelerators