Long-standing research challenges in geographic visualization

As a part of a broader effort (one of five papers by various authors) in revisiting research challenges in cartography and geovisualization during and after the last International Cartographic Conference, we present a study in identifying persistent problems in geovisualization. Specifically, over four workshops held in various professional conferences, we collected community input on what people considered as persistent problems in geovisualization with the participation of 72 experts from various sub-domains of geographic information science and technology. In this study, we categorize and analyze this bottom-up input, and contrast it with a top-down view, through previously published research challenges based on five research agenda papers (MacEachren & Kraak, 1997; Fairbairn et al., 2001; Andrienko et al., 2006; Laramee & Kosara, 2006; Virrantaus et al., 2009).