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Information on the veterinary management of shoebills (Balaeniceps rex) is scarce. This is regrettable since this species has never successfully been bred in captivity and zoos depend on imports from the wild. This certainly is a sign that their captive management is not yet satisfactory. This presentation is intended to improve the available data on shoebills by summarizing physiologic data measured in clinically healthy captive shoebills and by presenting successfully used medications, thus hopefully making a contribution to a improved captive management. The International Species Information System (ISIS) lists 18 animals that are kept in the United States of America (Cincinnati Zoo and San Diego Wild Animal Park), Japan (Ueno Zoological Gardens), and Europe (Frankfurt Zoo, Wuppertal Zoo, and Zurich Zoo).' A single record of egg production outside its natural habitat exists from 1994 in the Stuttgart Zoo. Data presented originates from European Zoos that keep a total of four male and two female shoebills and of the Stuttgart Zoo, which at this time does not keep shoebills. Due to the fact that the only record of egg production originates from the Stuttgart Zoo and the important number of animals previously kept there, information from that institution has been included in this abstract. The birds currently living in European zoos are between 4-23 yr of age and they weigh between 56.5 kg. All shoebills are apparently clinically healthy. Blood was repeatedly taken from a pair of shoebills at the Zurich Zoo and values have been summarized in Table 1. Regarding hematology it was noted that the white blood cell count including basophile count was high compared to other storks and that lymphocytes were comparatively OW.^,^ Further blood analyses will be needed to ascertain this observation and allow for interpretation. Elevated uric acid values with large standard deviation as found in the studied shoebills are consistent with carnivory. Regarding blood values it was recently published, that the shoebill, which phylogenetically still is an enigma, was found to contain as its dominant biliary bile acid 16-alphahydroxychenodeoxycholic acid, a heretofore undescribed bile acid. A search for this novel bile acid in other Ciconiiformes showed that it constituted > 92% of biliary bile acids in five of nine herons in the Ardidae, but was absent in all other families (Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Scopidae, Phoenicopteridae). The presence of this biochemical trait in the shoebill and certain herons suggests

Veterinary care of shoebills (Balaeniceps rex) in European zoos with special emphasis on the Zurich Zoo