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Numerical models have become a major tool for the study of sediment transport problems in coastal engineering. Reviewing the evolution of model progress, it is noticed that advancement has mainly been achieved in higher computational performance, allowing more detailed and even 3D simulation of large-scale problems at a reasonable cost. However, the prediction capacity remained disappointing and has hardly improved since the models are still based on the same basic process descriptions. Over the past 20 years many processes have been studied in more detail. Nevertheless, attempts to incorporate more complicated models for processes such as flocculation and erosion have not really brought the expected improvement. This paper presents an overview of the major short-comings in presently used sediment transport software. Proposals to incorporate more physics, without increasing the computational cost too excessively, will be presented. New process models have been developed for flocculation and for particle-turbulence interaction in high-concentrated suspensions, and a new bed model, accounting for both consolidation and wave-induced fluidization, is under development. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that estuarine and coastal applications require the distinction between (at least) two floc populations of cohesive sediment and (at least) one sand fraction. Remaining problems can be related to the difficulty to account for the spatial and temporal variability of sediment properties, especially with regard to the bed, and to the effect of bio-engineering agents in the environment. This keeps large uncertainties in the model results which can hardly

Large-scale modelling of fine-grained sediment transport: Can we do any better?