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Having a secure implementation of the 4-way Wi-Fi handshake is necessary to guarantee that all subsequent Wi-Fi traffic is properly protected. After all, the 4-way handshake negotiates a fresh pairwise key, authenticates both the client and Access Point (AP), and is used by practically all protected Wi-Fi networks. As a result, it has been widely studied, and even formally proven secure. Yet we found that, in practice, many implementations are vulnerable to denial-of-service attacks. Our first two attacks highlight synchronization issues between when the client and AP install the pairwise key. More concretely, in the first attack the adversary blocks the initial message 4 of the 4-way handshake. This causes the client, but not yet the AP, to install the pairwise key. Therefore the handshake will fail, since the client now expects and sends encrypted handshake messages, while the AP only uses plaintext ones. Our second attack makes the client install the pairwise key before it transmits message 4. Hence, the client will again install the pairwise key, while the AP will not. In the third attack, an adversary waits until the victim completes the 4-way handshake. Then, she initiates a rekey by injecting a malformed message 1 to the client. This causes certain clients to disconnect from the network. Finally, we propose countermeasures against our new attacks.

Denial of Service Attacks Against the 4-Way Wi-Fi Handshake